European driving licence - Wikipedia European driving licenceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the driving licences for vehicles issued by member states of the EEA . For driving licences issued in other European countries, see Driving licence . For the computer literacy certification, see European Computer Driving Licence .

European driving licence
Issued by	28 EU member states and 3 EFTA member states
First issued	29 July 1991
Purpose	Access to unified driving licence in any of the 31 EEA member states
Valid in	28 EU member states and 3 EFTA member states
Eligibility	EEA residency

German version of an EU driving licence card with the EU flag on it (2013, specimen) Driving licences within the European Union are subdivided into different categories (Note: Above graphic may be outdated since 19 January 2013)

The European driving licence is a driving licence which replaced the various driving licence styles formerly in use in the member states of the European Economic Area (EEA) (all 28 EU member states as well as 3 EFTA member states ; Iceland , Liechtenstein and Norway ). It is credit card-style with a photograph and even a microchip . They were introduced to replace the 110 different plastic and paper driving licences of the 300 million drivers in the EEA. The main objective of the licence is to reduce the risk of fraud.

A driving licence issued by a member state of the EEA is recognised throughout the EEA and can be used as long as it is valid, the driver is old enough to drive a vehicle of the equivalent category, and the licence is not suspended or restricted and has not been revoked in the issuing country. If the holder of an EEA driving licence moves to another EEA country, the licence can be exchanged for a driving licence from the new EEA country. However, as all EEA driving licences are recognised throughout the EEA, it is usually not necessary to exchange it. ^{[ citation needed ]}

The exception is for those holding EEA driving licences issued in exchange for a non‑EEA licence. When holding a converted licence, one should not assume the licence can be exchanged when moving to another EEA country. This only applies when permanently relocating to a different EEA country. As a tourist, an EEA-licence issued in exchange of a non-EEA licence is recognised throughout the EEA.

ContentsHistory[ edit ]1980–1996[ edit ]

The first step to a European driving licence was taken on 4 December 1980, when the Council of Ministers adopted Council Directive 80/1263/EEC on the introduction of a Community driving licence, which established a Community model national licence that guaranteed the mutual recognition by the Member States of national licences. It also established the practice of exchange of licences by holders moving from one Member State to another.

1996–2013[ edit ]

Directive 91/439/EEC

European Union directive
Title	Council Directive on driving licences
Made by	Council of the European Union
Made under	Art. 75 TEC
Journal reference	L237, pp 1–24
History
Date made	29 July 1991
Came into force	24 August 1991
Implementation date	1 July 1996
Other legislation
Replaces	Directive 80/1263/EEC
Replaced by	Directive 2006/126/EC
Repealed

On 29 July 1991, the Council of Ministers adopted the Council of the European Union Directive 91/439/EEC on driving licences. The directive required EU Member States to adopt laws implementing the directive before 1 July 1994, which took effect on 1 July 1996. Directive 80/1263/EEC was repealed on the same date. Directive 91/439/EEC specified the European Union driving licence until its repeal on 19 January 2013.

Provisions[ edit ]

The Council of the European Union Directive 91/439/EEC harmonised the categories of driving licences among the Member States and established two Community driving licence models, one paper version and one plastic card version. It furthermore established an obligatory test of knowledge (theory) and a test of skills and behaviour (practical) which had to be successfully passed before an individual is offered a driving licence. It also required an applicant to meet the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness to drive. The directive specified the minimum ages for driving different types of vehicles, and established progressive access in categories A, C, and D, from light vehicles to larger or more powerful vehicles. The directive stipulated that it is mandatory to have the normal residence in the Member State issuing the licence.

Amendments[ edit ]

The Directive was substantially amended by nine directives and two acts of accession. The plastic card version of the Community licence model, for example, was added to the Directive by Council Directive 96/47/EC of 23 July 1996.

Since 2013[ edit ]

Directive 2006/126/EC

European Union directive
Title	Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on driving licences (Recast)
Made by	European Parliament & Council
Made under	Art. 71 TEC
Journal reference	L403, pp. 18–60
History
Date made	30 December 2006
Came into force	19 January 2007
Implementation date	19 January 2013
Other legislation
Replaces	Directive 91/439/EEC
Current legislation

In March 2006, the Council of Ministers adopted a Directive proposed by the European Commission to create a single European driving licence to replace the 110 different models in existence throughout the EU/EEA at the time. The European Parliament adopted the Directive in December 2006. Directive 2006/126/EEC was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 30 December 2006. Its provisions took effect on 19 January 2013; Directive 91/439/EEC was then concurrently repealed.

Provisions[ edit ]

The licence is a credit-card-style, single plastic-coated document, very difficult to counterfeit. The document is renewable every 10 or 15 years depending on the member state. Several member states have the option to include a microchip containing information about the card holder on the card.

Some categories like C and D are issued for five years only. After expiration, a medical check-up is necessary in order to renew the licence for another five years.

EEA relevance[ edit ]

The provisions of Directive 2006/126/EC mention that it has European Economic Area (EEA) relevance, meaning that its provisions apply to all 28 EU member states, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, through incorporation into the agreement on the EEA.

Implementation[ edit ]

The directive stipulated that all 31 EEA members states must have adopted laws implementing the directive no later than 19 January 2011. Those laws took effect in all EEA members states on 19 January 2013. All licences issued before that date will become invalid by 2033.

Participating member states[ edit ] The 31 participating member states, including 28 EU (blue) and 3 EEA (green).

As of 2013, the 31 member states of the EEA participate. This includes the 28 EU members plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. Switzerland, an EFTA member state, is not party to the EEA agreement, and is instead linked to the EU by a series of bilateral agreements .

Brexit[ edit ]

Irish residents have been advised to switch their UK driving licence, if they hold one, for an Irish one as the UK one may not be valid after Brexit .

Standard data field labelling[ edit ]

To help users of different languages to understand what each of the data fields on the licence contains, they are labelled with a number. A legend is usually supplied on the reverse of the card in the issuing authority's language.

surname given name date of birth, place of birtha) date of issue, b) date of expiry, c) issuing authority, d) personal numberlicence number photograph of holder signature of holderAddresslicence categoriesfirst issuing date of the categoryexpiry date of the categoryrestrictions (number coded)space reserved for the possible entry by the host Member State of information essential for administering the licence (barcode (personal number))[ clarification needed ]space reserved for the possible entry by the Member State which issues the licence of information essential for administering the licence or related to road safety (optional).Notes[ edit ]Though the EU directive states this to be other names, local variations may occurThe addition of the personal number is a local variation. 4(d) is optional and should be a number other than the one listed under number 5The address is optional and not implemented by all countriesNorway and Sweden: a hyphen (-) is shown in lieu of place of birth.Categories valid in all EEA member states[ edit ]

Class	Description	Age of acquisition	Requires	Includes	Remarks
Mopeds
AM	Two-wheel vehicles or three-wheel vehicles with a maximum design speed of not more than 45 kilometres per hour (28 mph) and with a cylinder capacity not exceeding 50 cubic centimetres (3.1 cu in).	16 years ( 15 years in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden, 14 years in Estonia, Latvia, France, Italy, Poland, and Hungary ).			Until 19 January 2013 this class was called "M" in Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, and Norway.
Motorcycles
A1	Motorcycles with a cylinder capacity not exceeding 125 cubic centimetres (7.6 cu in) and a power not exceeding 11 kilowatts (15 hp); and motor tricycles with a power not exceeding 15 kilowatts (20 hp).	16 years. (17 years in the UK, 18 years in Denmark, Greece, Belgium, and the Netherlands).		AM, (also T in Finland)	B licence holders in Czech Republic (only motorcycles with automatic transmission), Italy, Latvia, Malta (after a training of 10 hours), Slovakia (after two years and only motorcycles with automatic transmission), Spain (after three years), Poland (after three years), Portugal (at least 25 years old or additional licence for mopeds), and Belgium (only with a Belgian Driving Licence, after two years) are allowed to drive motorcycles not exceeding 125 cubic centimetres (7.6 cu in) within the respective countries. In Austria (after five years, training of 6 hours), France (after two years, a training of 7 hours), Luxembourg (after two years, training of 7 hours), and the United Kingdom ( Compulsory Basic Training ), a practical training without exam is needed for B licence holders.
A2	Motorcycles of a power not exceeding 35 kilowatts (47 hp) and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding 0.2 kilowatts per kilogram (0.12 hp/lb) and not derived from a vehicle of more than double its power.	18 years. (19 years in the UK, 20 years in Denmark, Greece, and the Netherlands).		A1, AM, (also T in Finland)	Replaced class "A" on 19 January 2013 in Malta.
A	Any motorcycle or motor tricycle not in category A1/A2	20 years. (21 years in the UK, 22 years in Denmark, Greece, and the Netherlands). However, access to the driving of motorcycles of this category shall be subject to a minimum of two years' experience on motorcycles under an A2 licence. This requirement as to previous experience may be waived if the candidate is at least 24 years old.		A2, A1, AM, (also T in Finland)	B licence holders who are at least 21 years of age are allowed to drive motor tricycles (including three-wheeled motorcycles with a power exceeding 15 kilowatts (20 hp) in the following countries: France, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Spain, the Netherlands, Poland (after three years of B licence) and the United Kingdom. In France, a practical training (at least 7 hours) without an exam is needed for B licence holders who want to drive motor tricycles only, and this option is available only after at least two years of B licence. In the Netherlands it's allowed to drive from the age of at least 18, and if you had your driving licence B before 19 January 2013. [ citation needed ] Replaced class "A+" on 19 January 2013 in Malta.
Motor vehicles
B	Motor vehicles with a maximum authorised mass (MAM) not exceeding 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb) and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer having a maximum authorised mass which does not exceed 750 kilograms (1,650 lb). You can also tow heavier trailers if the total MAM of the vehicle and trailer isn't more than 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb). The limit in the first condition is: 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb) + 750 kilograms (1,650 lb)= 4,250 kilograms (9,370 lb). The limit for in the second condition is: 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) + 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb)= 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb).	18 years (17 years in the UK, Ireland and Hungary) Iceland, Germany, and Netherlands (under supervision, from age of 18 without supervision).	17 in Austria after 3000 km of driving under supervision.		AM (some countries), S, (also A1 in Czech Republic and F and G in Croatia) In Poland and Spain, drivers with 3 years B driver licence are also entitled to ride motorcycles <= 125 centimetres (49 in) and power <= 11 kilowatts (15 hp) and ratio power/weight <= 0.1 kilowatts per kilogram (0.061 hp/lb)	Does not include S in Norway.
BE	Without prejudice to the provisions of type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, a combination of vehicles consisting of a tractor vehicle in category B and a trailer or semi-trailer where the maximum authorised mass of the trailer or semi-trailer does not exceed 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb).	18 years (17 years in the UK and Ireland).	B		Includes T in Norway and Poland.
B1	Heavy quadricycles	16 years		AM	This class is optional, i.e. it is not implemented by all countries.
Large goods vehicle
C1	Large goods vehicle with a maximum authorised mass of not more than 7.5 tonnes (7.4 long tons; 8.3 short tons); with or without a trailer with a maximum mass of less than 750 kilograms (1,650 lb).	18 years	B
C1E	Combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category C and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass of over 750 kilograms (1,650 lb).	18 years	C1
C	Large goods vehicle with a maximum authorised mass of more than 3.5 tonnes (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons) mass and not more than 8 + 1 seats (lorry); with a trailer with a maximum mass of 750 kilograms (1,650 lb).	21 years [ citation needed ] (18 years in Sweden, Finland, UK and Ireland; 18 years in Germany for non-commercial use only except for apprenticeship as professional driver)	B for 1 year, not including restricted licence	C1
CE	Other combinations of vehicles and trailers which with combined maximum authorised mass of more than 750 kilograms (1,650 lb).	21 years	C	C1E, T
Buses
D1	Light buses with a maximum of 16 + 1 seats, maximum length of 8 metres (26 ft).	21 years [ citation needed ]	B for 1 year, not including restricted licence		Motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than 16 passengers in addition to the driver.; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer having a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 750 kilograms (1,650 lb).
D1E	Combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D1 and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass of over 750 kilograms (1,650 lb).	21 years	D1
D	Vehicles with more than 8 + 1 seats (buses).	24 years (21 years in Ireland)	B for 2 years, not including restricted licence	D1	Motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles which may be driven with a category D licence may be combined with a trailer having a maximum authorised mass which does not exceed 750 kilograms (1,650 lb). Includes articulated buses (at least in the UK and in Germany).
DE	Combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass of over 750 kilograms (1,650 lb).	24 years (21 years in Ireland)	D	D1E

National categories in EEA member states[ edit ]

There are other national categories for tractors, large motorcycles, motorised wheel boats, motor tricycles (modern voiturettes , Category B1 or S), and military categories such as for driving tanks. National categories mean they are not harmonised and only valid within the issuing country. The tables below are general descriptions that do not include full details of regulations.

Austria[ edit ]

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
F	Tractor	16	Austria

Bulgaria[ edit ] In 2013 the driving licence category Tтб was phased out and incorporated into the D category. Trolleybus drivers are now required to possess a D category driving licence and to complete additional training on a trolleybus. Entitlement to drive a trolleybus is specified on the driving licence by a code 103.

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
T кт	Tractor	16	Bulgaria
T тб	Trolleybus	24
T тм	Tram	24

Croatia[ edit ]

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
F	Tractor – with or without a trailer	16	Croatia
G	Heavy equipment	16
H	Tram	21

Germany[ edit ]

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
BF17	Begleitetes Fahren (accompanied driving) – BF17 licensed driver must be accompanied by B-licence holder age 30+	17	Germany , Austria
L	Tractor not exceeding 40 km/h by design (with trailer attached: max. 25 km/h)	16	Germany
T	Tractor	16

Hungary[ edit ]

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
M	Moped	14	Hungary
K	Two-wheel tractor	16
T	Tractor – with maximum 2 trailer	16
TR	Trolleybus	20
V	Tram	20

Ireland[ edit ]

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
W	Work Vehicle – includes land tractors with or without a trailer	16	Ireland

Latvia[ edit ]

Class	Description	Valid in
TRAM	Tram	Latvia
TROL	Trolleybus

Norway[ edit ]

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
S	Snowmobile	16	Norway
T	Tractor	16

Poland[ edit ]

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
T	Tractor	16	Poland

Slovenia[ edit ]

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
F	Tractor	16	Slovenia

Switzerland[ edit ]

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Even though Switzerland is an EFTA member state, it is not a member of the European Economic Area . Switzerland has, however, generally adopted much of the harmonised EU legislation with regard to driving licences. Swiss licences can be exchanged in most EEA countries. Switzerland has, since the 2000s, used the EU system of vehicle categories and issued EEA-style credit-card licences, similar to many other non-EU-countries.

To apply for a car driving licence (category B), the applicant must be at least 18 years old. They must first attend first aid courses and pass an eyesight test. Passing a theory exam is required to receive a learner's permit/licence valid for two years. This allows holders to drive a car only if accompanied by a person, aged 23 or more, who has had a full driving licence for a minimum of three years. Before passing the practical exam, the candidate must attend 10 hours of theory lessons on "familiarisation to road traffic". Practical driving lessons are not legally required but are considered a de facto prerequisite for passing the practical exam taken with a government official Driving Test Examiner. Upon succeeding the practical exam, a probationary driving licence is issued for three years. To obtain the full, unlimited, driving licence after these three years, the candidate must not commit a serious traffic offence and attend two days of further driving training.

For motorcycles and heavier vehicles, the regulations are different, and some agrarian vehicles can be driven without a licence. As of 2011, a 45-minute driving lesson costs around 90 CHF, while the various fees and theoretical instruction costs associated with getting a car driving licence can amount to up to CHF 600, without counting the costs for the two days of further training.

The theoretical exam must be taken in either German , French , or Italian . In some cantons, it is possible to take it in English .

Class	Description	Age minimum	Valid in
F	Tractor <= 45 kilometres per hour (28 mph)	16	Switzerland
G	Tractor <= 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph)	14
M	Moped <= 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph)	14

Gallery[ edit ]

Country	Code	Driving licence In accordance with Directive 80/1263/EEC or 91/439/EEC (Issued before 19 January 2013 (in Croatia before 1 July 2013))	Driving licence in accordance with Directive 2006/126/EC (Issued since 19 January 2013 (in Croatia since 1 July 2013))
Austria	A
Belgium	B
Bulgaria	BG
Croatia	HR
Cyprus	CY
Czech Republic	CZ
Denmark	DK	||
Estonia	EST
Finland	FIN
France	F
Germany	D
Greece	GR
Hungary	H
Iceland	IS
Ireland	IRL
Italy	I
Latvia	LV
Liechtenstein	FL
Lithuania	LT
Luxembourg	L
Malta	M
Netherlands	NL
Norway	N
Poland	PL
Portugal	P
Romania	RO
Slovakia	SK
Slovenia	SLO
Spain	E
Sweden	S
United Kingdom	UK

See also[ edit ] Driving licence European Commissioner for Transport International Driving Permit Vehicle registration plates of Europe European Health Insurance Card References[ edit ]^ "Driving licence recognition and validity" . Europa.eu. Retrieved 27 December 2018. European Commission website – Transport: driving licence Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine "Consolidated version of Directive 91/439/EEC as of 18 July 2008" . europa.eu. "Klartecken för EU-körkort" . Svenska Dagbladet. Archived from the original on 11 October 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2006. "EU backs European driving licence" . BBC News. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2010. "EU announces plans for European driving license" . Workpermit.com. 18 December 2006. "DIRECTIVE 2006/126/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL" . Official Journal of the European Union. "32016L1106 – European Free Trade Association – European Free Trade Association" . Efta.int.Ó Scannáil, Mícheál (23 December 2019). "Explainer: Why Irish citizens are advised to ditch their British driving licence ahead of Brexit" . Independent. Ireland. Retrieved 1 December 2019.Directive 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on driving licences "Nytt norsk førerkort : fra 19. januar 2013" (PDF). Vegvesen.no. Retrieved 27 December 2018. "Föreskrifter om ändring i Transportstyrelsens föreskrifter (TSFS 2012:60) om körkortets utformning och innehåll" (PDF). Transportstyrelsen.se. Retrieved 27 December 2018. "DIRECTIVE 2006/126/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. [1] [ permanent dead link ] "Press Release: Changes to the Minimum Ages and Test Requirements to obtain a Driving Licence" . Transport Malta. "Press Release: Changes to the Minimum Ages and Test Requirements to obtain a Driving Licence" . Transport Malta. "Kørekort til 17-årige (Ledsagerordningen)" . Sikkertrafik.dk. "INF30 – Requirements for towing trailers in Great Britain – GOV.UK" (PDF). Web.archive.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. "Ist Begleitetes Fahren mit 17 im Ausland erlaubt?" . Focus.de. "Polisen.ax – Körkort" . Polisen.ax.External links[ edit ] "EU announces plans for European driving license" . Workpermit.com. 18 December 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2018. "EU driving licence coming in 2013" . News.bbc.co.uk. 14 December 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2018. "Vehicles you can drive" . Gov.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

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